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| Copper
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Copper (disambiguation).
29
nickel ? copper ? zinc
-
?
Cu
?
Ag
Periodic table - Extended periodic table
General
Name, symbol, number
copper, Cu, 29
Chemical series
transition metals
Group, period, block
11, 4, d
Appearance
metallic red/orange
Standard atomic weight
63.546(3)?g·mol-1
Electron configuration
[Ar] 4s1 3d10
Electrons per shell
2, 8, 8, 1
Physical properties
Phase
solid
Density (near r.t.)
8.96 g·cm-3
Liquid density at m.p.
8.02 g·cm-3
Melting point
1357.77 K
(1084.62 °C, 1984.32 °F)
Boiling point
2835 K
(2567 °C, 4643 °F)
Heat of fusion
13.26 kJ·mol-1
Heat of vaporization
300.4 kJ·mol-1
Heat capacity
(25 °C) 24.440 J·mol-1·K-1
Vapor pressure
P/Pa
1
10
100
1 k
10 k
100 k
at T/K
1509
1661
1850
2089
2404
2836
Atomic properties
Crystal structure
face centered cubic 3.6149 ?
Oxidation states
4, 3, 2, 1
(mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity
1.90 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more)
1st: 745.5 kJ·mol-1
2nd: 1957.9 kJ·mol-1
3rd: 3666 kJ·mol-1
Atomic radius
135 pm
Atomic radius (calc.)
145 pm
Covalent radius
138 pm
Van der Waals radius
140 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering
diamagnetic
Electrical resistivity
(20 °C) 16.78 nO·m
Thermal conductivity
(300 K) 401 W·m-1·K-1
Thermal expansion
(25 °C) 16.5 µm·m-1·K-1
Speed of sound (thin rod)
(r.t.) (annealed)
3810 m·s-1
Young's modulus
110 - 128 GPa
Shear modulus
48 GPa
CAS registry number
7440-50-8
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of copper
iso
NA
half-life
DM
DE (MeV)
DP
63Cu
69.15%
Cu is stable with 34 neutrons
65Cu
30.85%
Cu is stable with 36 neutrons
References
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Copper (pronounced /'k?p?/) is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (Latin: cuprum) and atomic number 29. It is a ductile metal with excellent electrical conductivity, and finds extensive use as an electrical conductor, heat conductor, as a building material, and as a component of various alloys.
Copper is an essential trace nutrient to all high plants and animals. In animals, including humans, it is found primarily in the bloodstream, as a co-factor in various enzymes, and in copper-based pigments. However, in sufficient amounts, copper can be poisonous and even fatal to organisms.
Copper has played a significant part in the history of mankind, which has used the easily accessible uncompounded metal for thousands of years. Civilizations in places such as Iraq, China, Egypt, Greece, India and the Sumerian cities all have early evidence of using copper. During the Roman Empire, copper was principally mined on Cyprus, hence the origin of the name of the metal as Cyprium, "metal of Cyprus", later shortened to Cuprum. A number of countries, such as Chile and the United States, still have sizable reserves of the metal which are extracted through large open pit mines. High demand relative to supply has caused a price spike in the 2000s.
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